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A gold miner carries a sack of rocks to a grinding mill at a mine in El Callao, Bolivar state, Venezuela, April 29, 2023. © 2023 Matias Delacroix

During a 2020 investigation, a 17-year-old boy told Human Rights Watch how he witnessed members of a Venezuelan armed group amputating both hands of a miner they accused of stealing gold. Summary executions and forced child labor by armed groups is still happening today.